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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ - ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื”

ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ืคืขื ืžื”ื ื•ืฃ ืฉื ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ. 'ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ', ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื•. 'ืื– ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืš ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื•', ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื—ื™ืคื” ืžื–ืžื ืช ืœืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื” ืฉืœืœ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืคืขื™ ื ื•ืฃ ืžืคืขื™ืžื™ื. ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืคืกืงื ื• "ืœืจืื•ืช" ืืช ืฉื ื™ืฆื‘ ืžื•ืœื ื•. ืื– ืขืฆืจืชื™ ืœืจื’ืข ื•ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœ"ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื”" ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืœื ื•ืฃ ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.

ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื” - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”
ื—ื™ืคื” ืžื–ืžื ืช ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช

ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ื›ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ 21 ืžืฆืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืงื™ืฃ ื›-60 ืง"ืž ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืช ืžื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืคื™ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืืชืจื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ืงื ื™ื•ืช.


ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขื ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืจ (ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉืœื˜). ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžืื– ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื—ืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— - ืขืฆื™ื ืฆืžื—ื•, ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืงืžื•, ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื—ืกืžื• - ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื›ืžืื›ื–ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืจืื•ื™ื” (ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš).

ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื” - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”
ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื“ืจืš

ืœืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืœืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืžืžื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื›ืจืขืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ืื” ืžื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช. ืขื•ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืžืืคืฉืจืช, ืœืขื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื™, ืืช ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ืจืื•ืช ืฆืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื“ืจืžื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื”, ื–ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ืชืื•ืจื” ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช.


ืื ื‘ืืชื ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืœื—ื•ื•ืช, ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื ื—ืช โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืคืงื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“. ืžืžืœื™ืฆื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื”ื™ืœ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœื›ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉื™ืขื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืคื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ืจืืฉ. ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื›ื, ื”ื›ื ืชื™ ืžืคื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืชื•ืžืฆืช ื•ืชืžื•ื ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ืžืคืชื— ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช. ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื”ื.

*** ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืžืื“! ืœื ืœืคืกืคืก! (ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื ื‘ืžืคื”)

** ื›ื“ืื™, ืœื ื—ื•ื‘ื” (ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืง ื‘ืžืคื”)

* ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ (ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืคื”)

ืื– ืžื” ืจืื™ืชื™ ื•ืžื” ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื”? ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™.


ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 1 โ€“ ื”ื’ืคืŸ (***)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช: ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ 48)

ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื?

ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ืื™ื ืžืžืขืœ, ื•ืžื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื” ืœืžื˜ื”.

ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?

ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ืื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื 19 ื˜ืจืกื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืคืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ, ื•ื ื™ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ื’ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘. ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ืื‘, ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื-ื”ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื”ืื™ืช, ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื• ื›ื™ืคืช ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื”. ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื–ื™ื ื›ืืชืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื ืกืง"ื•.

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ืงืฉื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืจืื”, ืงื™ื˜ืฉื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”. ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื.

ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”:

ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”- 19 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื˜ืžืคืœืจื™ื. ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืขืœ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ืื‘ืŸ, ื’ื’ื•ืช ืจืขืคื™ื, ืžืจืคืกื•ืช ื•ืชืจื™ืกื™ ืขืฅ ื•ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืฉืง. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ืžืจ ื•ืžืฉื•ื—ื–ืจ ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ ื•ืชื•ืกืก ืขื ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ ืงืคื”, ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ.

ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ืื™ื - ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื” - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”
ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 1 - ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ืžื•ืœ ืกื“ืจ ืžื•ืคืชื™

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 2 โ€“ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื˜ืกืœ (**)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช: ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืก' 96) ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื?

ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืขืœ ื ืžืœ ื—ื™ืคื”, ื”ืงืจื™ื•ืช, ืขื›ื•, ื ื”ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืฆื•ืง ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ-ื”ื ืงืจื”.

ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?

ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื˜ืกืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1917 ื•ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘- 1998. ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืกืคื™ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›- 60 ืฉื ื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื˜ืกืœ ื‘ืข"ืž ืœื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืขืฆื™ื.

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืชืชืงืœื• ื‘ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ.

ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”:

ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืœ ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ืื‘ โ€“ ื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื”. ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืฅ ื’ื ืœืชื•ื›ื•.

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื˜ืกืœ - ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื” - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”
ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 2 - ื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืœื™ื›ื”

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 3 โ€“ ื’ืŸ ื”ืคืกืœื™ื (***)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช: ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืœื’ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืก' 112, ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ืžืก' 2, ืฉื ื’ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื ื•ืช)

ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื?

ื’ืŸ ืคืกืœื™ื ื™ืคื”ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื™ืช ืื•ืจืกื•ืœื” ืžืœื‘ื™ืŸ, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื ืคืœื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ.

ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?

ืขืœ ื’ืŸ ื”ืคืกืœื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืœืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื›ืืŸ.

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ืœื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืฅ!

ื’ืŸ ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ื—ื™ืคื” - ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื” - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”
ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 3 - ื’ืŸ ืคืกืœื™ื ื™ืคื”ืคื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื ื•ืคื™ ื ืคืœื

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 4 โ€“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืช ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื (**)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” (ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฃ ื“ื“ื• ืœืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื‘ืช ื’ืœื™ื)

ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื?

ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื›- 10 ืง"ืž, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.

ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?

ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื“ื“ื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืช ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืจื—ืฆื” ื•ื’ืœื™ืฉื”, ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ, ื‘ืชื™ ืงืคื” ื•ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช, ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื•ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื™ืžื™, ืžืชื—ืžื™ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื—ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ืคืืจืง ื”ื›ื˜ ื•ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืชืœ ืฉืงืžื•ื ื”.

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ื”"ื ืงื•ื“ื”" ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืคื•ืจ. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžืจืชืง ืขืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืคื™ื•. ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื” ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ.

ื—ื•ืคื™ ื—ื™ืคื” - ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื” - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”
ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 4 - ืจืฆืฃ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 5 โ€“ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ (**)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช: ื“ืจืš ืžืฉื” ืคืœื™ืžืŸ, ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ืงืกื˜ืจื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื”)

ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื?

ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืžืœ.

ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?

ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1929, ื•ื”ืชื—ื ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™. ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืกื’ืŸ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืกื"ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืฆืœ"ืฉ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื ืกืคื” ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1995.

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ื›ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืžื’ื‘ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™. ื›ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื ืื•ืช ืคืจืก ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืฆืคื•ืจ.

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืคื” - ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื” - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”
ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 5 - ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืžื›ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 6 โ€“ ืชืžืจ (**)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช: ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืื‘ื ื—ื•ืฉื™, ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืก' 70)

ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื?

ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘.

ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?

ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืจ, ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืื“ืจ' ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืœื›ื˜ืžืŸ, ื”ื•ืงื ืœื–ื›ืจ ืชืžืจ ื›ื‘ื™ืจื™ (ื”ื ื“ืœืžืŸ) ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ืœื—ื™ืคื”. ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื•ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ื ื•ื•ื” ืฉืื ืŸ, ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื‘ื ื—"ืœ, ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืžืฉื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขื™ืจ ื•ืขื‘ื“ื” ื›ืžืชื›ื ืชืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1994.

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืจืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืžืžื ื” ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•. ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื ืฉืงืฃ ืžืžื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืจื”.

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ืชืžืจ - ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื” - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”
ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 6 - ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืจืฉื™ื, ื ื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืจื”

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 7 โ€“ ื–ื™ื™ื“ (**)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช: ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืื‘ื ื—ื•ืฉื™, ืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืก' 79)

ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื?

ืžื‘ื˜ ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืคืจืฅ ื—ื™ืคื”.

ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?

ืฉืื•ืœ ื–ื™ื™ื“ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1927, ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืืœื™ืื ืก ื•ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“. ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืžืฉื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืžืคื•ืช ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ื”ื”ื’ื ื”" ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ. ื”ื™ื” ืžืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1995.

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื ื™ื˜ืขื• ืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ืฆืžื—ื• ื•ืฆืžืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ [ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2021: ืฆืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื ื’ื–ืžื• ื•ื”ื ื•ืฃ ืคืชื•ื— ื•ื™ืคื”]. ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื“ืงื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ืื’ื•ื– ืžืฉื ื™ืฉ ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืคื ื•ืจืžื™ืช ื ืคืœืื”(!!!) ืขืœ ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื” - ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื”.

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ - ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื” - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”
ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 7 - ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฆืžื—ื•

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 8 โ€“ ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืคืจืฅ (*)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” - ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืฆืคื•ืจ ื—ืกื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืงื•ื

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ื”ืชืื›ื–ื‘ืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืฆืคื™ืช ื•ืฉื”ืฉืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ืžืก' 8 ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™. ืื•ืœื™ ืคืขื, ื›ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื.


ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 9 โ€“ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื” (***)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” - ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืชื—ื ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช

ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื?

ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื”ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ - ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”- 30 ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ. ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืฉืœ 360 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืื›ื” ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ, ื“ืจืš ืขืžืงื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื™ ืžื ืฉื”, ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืžืœ, ืขืชืœื™ืช, ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื›ื— ื‘ื—ื“ืจื”, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื—ื™ืคื” ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื” ืขืœ ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“, ื”ืงืจื™ื•ืช, ื ื”ืจื™ื”, ืขื›ื• ื•ืขื“ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ.

ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ - ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื ื•ืคื™ ื”ื”ื™ืงืคื™ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก, ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜, ื•ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื—ื ื™ื”. ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื โ€“ ืžืจืคืกืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ืขืœ ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื ื™ื•ื ื™ ืคืืจืง ื”ื›ืจืžืœ (ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื”).

ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?

ืžื’ื“ืœ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ, ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ืข"ืฉ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืœื•ื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ, ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืกืžืœื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืžืชื ื•ืกืก ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”. ื”ืžื‘ื ื”, ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• 102 ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ืœืขื“, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฆืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืื•ืกืงืจ ื ื™ืžืื™ื™ืจ. ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื‘ืขืช ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืขืจื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื ืข...

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ื›ืฉืชื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื”ื–ื• - ืœื ืœืคืกืคืก!!!

ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”:

ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืก ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื›ืืŸ. ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก ื ืžืฆื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื˜ ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช. ืงืฆืช ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘"ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช" - ืคืืจืง ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืคืชื•ื—. ื–ื”ื• ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฆืœื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื, ื’ืชื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื“ ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืจืก ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคืชื•ื—. ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืืœื™ื” - "ื—ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื" ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืขืœ ืฉื 40 ืขืฆื™ ืืœื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื ื‘ื™ื ื“ืจื•ื–ื™. ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืžืกืคืจืช ื›ื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื™ืจื— ืžืœื ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื” ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”. ื‘- 2020 ื”ืœืš ืœื”ื ืœื ืžืฉื”ื•...

ืžื’ื“ืœ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื” - ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” - ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื”
ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 9 - ื”ืขื™ืจ ืคืจื•ืฉื” ืขืœ ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 10 โ€“ ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื (*)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช: ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœื, ืžื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืก' 8)

ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื?

ืžื‘ื˜ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ื•ื” ืฉืื ืŸ ื•ื™ื–ืจืขืืœื™ื”.

ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?

ืงื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืืชืจ ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืง ืขืœื™ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช. ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ื ืชื’ืœืชื” ื—ื•ื•ื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืงืฃ ืฉื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืจืื•ื™ื”.

ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”:

"ื’ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœื" ื”ื™ืคื”ืคื” ื”ื•ืงื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืืœื” ืฉืกื™ื›ื ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆืœืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ื•ืงืฉืจื• ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžื•ืงื“ืฉืช ืคื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ืŸ ื•ื‘ื” ืกืœืข ืขืœื™ื• ื—ืงื•ืง ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื•.


ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 11 โ€“ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื›ืจืžืœ (*)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช: ื“ืจืš ื“ื•ืจื™, ื›ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ืกื•ื ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื”) ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื?

ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืคื”-ืขื›ื• ื•ืืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืžื™ื–ืžื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ื›ืžื• ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืžืœ ื•ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืงืจื™ื•ืช.

ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?

ื—ื‘ืจืช "ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื›ืจืžืœ" ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื’ืฉืจื™ื, ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื“ืจื•ื’ ื•ื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืชืื’ื™ื“ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื™ืคื” ื ื•ืฃ.

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื˜ื•ืจื—ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ืžืžื™ืœื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื›ื.

ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืžืœ - ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื” - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”
ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 11 - ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืžื™ื–ืžื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 12 โ€“ ืคืืจืง ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืŸ (***)

ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื?

ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืขืœ ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืžืœ, ื ืžืœ ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืจืฅ.

ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?

ืคืืจืง ื ื—ืœ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืจืข ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืชื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื ื—ืœ ื•ื‘ื• ืžื“ืฉืื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืฆืœื•ืช ื•ืขืžื“ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช. ื ื—ืœ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืœ ืื™ืชืŸ ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื•ื‘ืœื’ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืœื—ื” ืจื“ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืคื•ืช ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ื”ื ื—ืœ ืกื‘ืœ ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืžื•ืฉืงืขื™ื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืžื•. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ ืžืคืจืฅ ื—ื™ืคื” ื”ืžืชื•ืขืฉ.

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ืคืืจืง ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื ื”ื“ืจ ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ. ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ!

ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”:

ืžืขื’ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœืคืืจืง ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื™ืคื”ืคื” ื•ืคื•ื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืžืžื ื• ืฉื™ื™ื˜ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืื›ื˜ื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืคืš ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—.

ืคืืจืง ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืŸ - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” - ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื”
ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 12 - ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 13 โ€“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืช ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” (*)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช: ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืคืœื™"ื 15)

ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื?

ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืฆื ื•ืขื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ื•ืื›ื” ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืคืจื™ื– ืžื—ื“, ื•ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื ื•ืคื™ ื ืžืœ ื—ื™ืคื” ืžืื™ื“ืš.

ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?

ืžื’ื“ืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ืคืื™. ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ืืžืจ-ืงื•ืจื™ืืœ, ืืžื•ืจ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืžืคืจืฉ, ืืš ืžื•ื›ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ". ืืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื˜ื™ื™ืœืช ืขื˜ื•ืจืช ืงืฉืชื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืชืงื™ ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžืคื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ ื•ื—ื™ืคื”.

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ื”ืืžืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืืฃ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื™ืจ. ื”ืชืœื•ื•ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ื›ืœืœืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืืงื˜ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžืฉืจืชืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฉืžื” ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื”.

ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”:

ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืงืฆืจื” ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื•ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื ืžืœ ื•ื‘ื”ื ืฉืœืœ ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช, ืคืื‘ื™ื, ื•ืกืฆื™ื ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช.

ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื™ืคื” - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” - ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื”
ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 13 - ืืžื ื ืื™ืŸ ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฆืื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ืคื”

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 14 โ€“ ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ (***)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช: ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื—ืกืŸ ืฉื•ืงืจื™, ืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”) ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื?

ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื’ืŸ ืžืจืคืกืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืžืžื ื” ื ืฉืงืคื™ื ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” (ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ), ื ื•ืคื™ ื”ื ืžืœ ื•ืžืคืจืฅ ื—ื™ืคื”.

ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?

ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 50 ืœื–ื›ืจ ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ ื—ื™ืคื” ืฉื ืคืœื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื”ืงืžืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืชื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž- 5 ืฉื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื•ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื’ืŸ ืชื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื”ืืžืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืงื ื™ืกืคืœ. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื ื•ื™, ืคื™ื ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื–ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืคืช ืคืกื™ืคืกื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืื‘ื ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืชืฉ"ื—.

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื”ืชืคืขืœืชื™ ืžื”ืกื“ืจ ื•ื”ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืจืจื• ื‘ื’ืŸ, ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืจ, ื•ืœื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.

ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”:

ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืจ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ ืฉื•ืคืขืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืคื” ืœืืžื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื“ืขื˜ืง, ืฉื•ืง ืชืœืคื™ื•ืช, ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืžืกื“ื” ื•ื•ืื“ื™ ื ื™ืกื ืืก. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ (ืžืคื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื).

ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืคื” - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” - ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื”
ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 14 - ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 15 โ€“ ื›ื‘ืื‘ื™ืจ (**)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช: ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื›ื‘ื™ืจื™ื 83, ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืกื’ื“)

ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื?

ืžื‘ื˜ ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืžืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘. ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืคืจ ืกืžื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืžื‘ืฆืจ ืขืชืœื™ืช. ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?

ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ืช ื”ืื—ืžื“ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”- 19. ื”ื›ืช ื“ื•ื’ืœืช ื‘ื ืื•ืจื•ืช, ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ื•ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช, ื•ืžืฆื“ื“ืช ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืื—ืžื“ื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืžืขืœ ื•ื•ืื“ื™ ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื›ื‘ืื‘ื™ืจ, ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื—ื™ืคื”. ื”ืžืกื’ื“ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœืชืฆืคื™ืช ื”ื•ืงื ืขืœ ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ื“ืช, ืฆื•ืจืชื• ืžืชื•ืžืŸ ื•ืžืขืœื™ื• ืžืชื ืฉืื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 35 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœืกื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืจืชืง ื•ืื ื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ื–ื•.

ื›ื‘ืื‘ื™ืจ - ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื” - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”
ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 15 - ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 16 โ€“ ื’ืŸ ื™ืคืชื— (***)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช: ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืจืขื ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืก' 28)

ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื?

ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืขืœ ื•ื•ืื“ื™ ืฉื™ื—.

ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?

ื’ืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจ ืกื’ืŸ ื™ืคืชื— ืฉืจื™ื™ืจ ื–"ืœ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1984. ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™"ืก ื—ื•ื’ื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื "ืชื“ื”ืจ", ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื™ื ืงื•ืจืก ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืŸ 21 ื ืคืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืžืจื•ืŸ ื-ืจืืก. ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื›ืืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืงื™ืจื‘ืชื” ืœืžืฆืคื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื (ืžืก' 15) ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื ื•ืฃ ืคืชื•ื— ื•ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ื™ืคืชื— - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” - ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื”
ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 16 - ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืขืœ ื•ื•ืื“ื™ ืฉื™ื— ื•ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื”

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 17 โ€“ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื (**)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช: ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื™ืคื” ื ื•ืฃ ืคื™ื ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื)

ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื?

ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื ื—ืžื“ื”, ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ืžืจื’ืฉืช, ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืคืจืฅ ื—ื™ืคื”.

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ืฉืžื—ืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื, ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืœื™ื“ื• ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื ื—ื‘ื ืžืขื™ื ื™.

ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”:

ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ืจืžืœ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™, ื’ืŸ ื”ืื, ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ื ื—ืœ ืœื•ื˜ื, ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช, ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ ืงืคื” ื•ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช.


ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 18 โ€“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืช ืœื•ืื™ (***)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช: ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื™ืคื” ื ื•ืฃ 61)

ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื? ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืคื ื•ืจืžื™ืช ืžื”ืžืžืช ืขืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจ, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ืื™ื, ื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ื‘ื•ืื›ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ื ืงืจื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ืขื“ ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ.

ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?

ื˜ื™ื™ืœืช ืœื•ืื™, ืฉืื•ืจื›ื” ื›- 400 ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื ืžืชื—ืช ืžืขืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื™ืคื” ื ื•ืฃ. ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื ื, ืœื•ืื™ ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉืžื™ื“ื˜, ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ืœืช ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืกืขื“ืช ื”ืจื•ื ื“ื•, ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื™ื™ืœื” ืขื ื”ืžืคืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ืชื•ืชื— ื•ื”ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืง ืฉื”ื•ืงื ืœื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘- 1898. ื›ืืŸ ื’ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืกื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ืื™ื, ืื•ืชื ืชื™ืืจืชื™ ื‘ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 1.

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื”ืžืชื•ื™ื™ืจืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ืจื›ืฉ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ืกื“. ื”-ืžืงื•ื ืœืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื•ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ "ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืืŸ". ืœื›ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”...

ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”:

ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื ื“ื•, ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช.

ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื” - ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ืื™ื ื—ื™ืคื” - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”
ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 18 - ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ, ื”ื›ื™ ืžืชื•ื™ื™ืจ

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 19 โ€“ ืกื˜ืœื” ืžืืจื™ืก / ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• (***)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช: ื“ืจืš ืกื˜ืœื” ืžืืจื™ืก 100)

ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื?

ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื‘ืช ื’ืœื™ื ื•ืงืจื™ืช ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ืžืœ, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.

ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?

ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื’ื“ ืฉืœื— ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืคื” ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืชืื•ืžื” ืฉืœื” - ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•. ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื ืกื˜ืœื” ืžืืจื™ืก โ€“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื” ืข"ื™ ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื“ ืขื ืชื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1928. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืงื•ืœื™ืช.

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ืขื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื“ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืžื•ืฆืข (ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืœื“) ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ. ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื”ื™ืคื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžืกืขื“ื” ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” โ€“ ืœื ืœืคืกืคืก!

ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”:

ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืžืฆืคื•ืจ ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืœ ื”ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืœื” ืžืืจื™ืก ืœืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื‘ืช ื’ืœื™ื. ืžื ื–ืจ ื”ื›ืจืžืœื™ืชื™ื, ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื”ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื. ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœื›ื ืกื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืชืจืฉื ืžื”ื›ื™ืคื” ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื. ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื•ืจ ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ืืœืœื” ืคืืฉื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื•ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื‘ืงืจื™ื. ืžื”ื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืืœ ืžืขืจืช ืืœื™ื”ื•. ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ ืขืœ ืฆืœืข ื”ื”ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฉ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ืœืฃ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงืคืœืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ.

ืกื˜ืœื” ืžืืจื™ืก - ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• - ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื” - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”
ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 19 - ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื”ื™ืคื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืžืฆืืช ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžืกืขื“ื”

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 20 โ€“ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืคื‘ืจ (**)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช: ื“ืจืš ืกื˜ืœื” ืžืืจื™ืก, ื›- 700 ืž' ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ืžืžืฆืคื•ืจ ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•)

ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื?

ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ืžืœ, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื•ืงื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.

ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?

ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืœื™ื”ื• ืคื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ืœื–ื›ืจ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื›ืืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื, ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ื–ื ื— ื•ืžื˜ื•ื ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืขืฆื‘ ื•ื—ืœื—ืœื”. ื”ืคืขื ื’ื ืื—ืช ืžืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื‘ื•ืจื”. ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืœ.

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ืคื‘ืจ - ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื” - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”
ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 20 - ื ื•ืฃ ื™ืคื”, ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ืžื•ื–ื ื—

ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 21 โ€“ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” (***)

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช: ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ 11)

ืžื” ืจื•ืื™ื?

ืจืฆืฃ ื ื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืจื•ืžื™ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ, ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ืื™ื ื‘ื•ืื›ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ื•ืขื“ ืกืžื•ืš ืœื ืžืœ ื—ื™ืคื”.

ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?

ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืกื•ื’ืจืช ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ (ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ืื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 1).

ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช:

ืžืœื‘ื“ "ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืขื’ืœ" ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืžื” ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฆืคื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.

ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”:

ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื—ื™ืคื” ืฆื ื•ืข ื•ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื˜ืžืคืœืจื™ ืžืฉื•ืคืฅ ื•ืžืฉื•ืžืจ. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ืงื‘ืข ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ืกื•ืงืจืช ืืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืœืคื•ืช, ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘.

ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ืื™ื - ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช - ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื” - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”
ืžืฆืคื•ืจ 21 - ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืขื’ืœ

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืœืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™, ืจืฉืžืชื™ ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืจืช, ื“ื™ืจื’ืชื™ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ืชื™ - ืื’ื™ื“ ืฉื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื–ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืžืชืื™ื ืœื” ื›ืžื• ื›ืคืคื” ืœื™ื“. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ื•ืจื›ื” ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช - ื’ื ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื”. ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœื .ืฆ. ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ. ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืชืžืฆืื• ื‘ืžืคื” ืฉืฆื™ืจืคืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืกื’ื•ืœ. ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ืฉืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“? ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืคื”.


ื•ืื ื”ื’ืขืชื ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ - ืืœ ืชื”ืกืกื•! ืงื™ืคืฆื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ "ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื’ืฉื" ื•ื ืฆืœื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืžืขื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ.


ืขื•ื“ ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื—ื™ืคื” - ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ - ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ื›ืืŸ

ืืชืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” -

ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื” - ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” - ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”
ืžืฆืคื•ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ - ื”ื ื•ืฃ ืžื—ืœื•ื ื™

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